Radiography (RT) uses transmission of ionizing radiation through matter. Two methods are distinguished here, according to the type of wave emission source:
- X-ray testing (using vacuum tubes);
- Gamma ray (γ) testing (using radioactive isotopes; we use Se75 and Ir192 at our laboratory).
X rays and γ rays penetrate the material where they attenuate and disperse. For a specific X ray and γ ray wavelength, attenuation depends on the type and thickness of scanned material. This process is the basis of detection of defects in material. If the radiation beam encounters an item such as a metal plate of a certain thickness, it will attenuate, the attenuation will be lower where the beam strikes a layer of metal with a void inside, and the intensity of the output beam will be higher. If a photographic plate is positioned under the tested plate, it will be blackened by the radiation. The blackening, i.e. optical density, is proportional to the output radiation intensity logarithm, meaning that it will be stronger at the location of the defect.
Radiographic tests are volumetric. A single radiograph can be used to identify the type of an internal defect and its position in parallel to the photographic plate. However, the depth of the defect cannot be determined on this basis. Material defects visible on a radiograph are assessed according to strictly defined criteria.
We carry out the radiographic tests according to the guidelines of PN-EN ISO, ASME, DNV, AD 2000 MERKBLAT, using X-ray tubes and radioactive isotopes Se75 and Ir192.
Radiographic testing is performed in conformity with the following standards:
PN-EN 1330-3:1999 - Non-destructive testing. Terminology Terms used in industrial radiographic testing
PN-EN ISO 17636-1:2023-02 - Non-destructive testing of welds — Radiographic testing — Part 1: X- and gamma-ray techniques with film
PN-EN ISO 10675-1:2022-05 - Non-destructive testing of welds — Acceptance levels for radiographic testing — Part 1: Steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys
PN-EN ISO 10675-2:2022-05 - Non-destructive testing of welds — Acceptance levels for radiographic testing — Part 2: Aluminium and its alloys
PN-EN ISO 5579:2014-02 - Non-destructive testing — Radiographic testing of metallic materials using film and X- or gamma rays — Basic rules
PN-EN ISO 19232-1:2013-08 - Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 1: Determination of the image quality value using wire-type image quality indicators
PN-EN ISO 19232-2:2013-10 - Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 2: Determination of the image quality value using step/hole-type image quality indicators
PN-EN ISO 19232-3:2013-10 - Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 3: Image quality classes
PN-EN ISO 19232-4:2013-10 - Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 4: Experimental evaluation of image quality values and image quality tables
PN-EN ISO 19232-5:2018-10 - Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 5: Determination of the image unsharpness and basic spatial resolution value using duplex wire-type image quality indicators
PN-EN ISO 11699-1:2012 - Non-destructive testing — Industrial radiographic film — Part 1: Classification of film systems for industrial radiography
PN-EN ISO 11699-2:2018-10 - Non-destructive testing — Industrial radiographic films — Part 2: Control of film processing by means of reference values
PN-EN 25580:1997 - Non-destructive testing; industrial radiographic illuminators; minimum requirements
PN-EN 12681-1:2018-01 - Founding. Radiographic testing. Film techniques
PN-EN 12681-2:2017-12 - Founding. Radiographic testing. Techniques with digital detectors
PN-ISO 9915:1998 - Aluminium alloy castings — Radiography testing
PN-EN ISO 10893-6:2019-04 - Non-destructive testing of steel tubes — Part 6: Radiographic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of imperfections
